{"id":1127,"date":"2020-04-22T13:06:45","date_gmt":"2020-04-22T11:06:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/?p=1127"},"modified":"2026-01-15T10:33:27","modified_gmt":"2026-01-15T10:33:27","slug":"hidrogeno-vs-litio-en-la-electrificacion-sustitutivos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fullandfast.com\/blog\/hidrogeno-vs-litio-en-la-electrificacion-sustitutivos\/","title":{"rendered":"Hidr\u00f3geno VS Litio en la electrificaci\u00f3n \u00bfSustitutivos?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>\u201cContinuamos examin\u00e1ndolo, pero por el momento esta tecnolog\u00eda no es adecuada para Porsche. Por un lado, la salida t\u00edpica de una pila es de aproximadamente 100 kilovatios, por lo que, si desea m\u00e1s potencia, a\u00fan necesita incluir una bater\u00eda grande para proporcionar una salida m\u00e1xima. Eso significa que necesita a\u00fan m\u00e1s espacio para su instalaci\u00f3n.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>En segundo lugar, la eficiencia energ\u00e9tica general del sistema es muy pobre porque se necesita mucha electricidad para dividir el agua en hidr\u00f3geno, distribuirla en estaciones de combustible y convertirla nuevamente en electricidad\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Son las declaraciones que pod\u00edamos leer la semana pasada del m\u00e1ximo responsable de <strong>I+D de Porsche Michael Steiner<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Al igual que pasara con el gas, el hidr\u00f3geno es otra de las fuentes de energ\u00eda por las que nos preguntan en n\u00fameros ocasiones cuando tratamos el tema de la descarbonizaci\u00f3n del suministro energ\u00e9tico. Sobretodo cuando hablamos de los veh\u00edculos el\u00e9ctricos y los tiempos de recarga de las bater\u00edas de litio <em>(In english below)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>A partir de aqu\u00ed<strong> nuestro an\u00e1lisis:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1147 aligncenter lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Representaci\u00f3n-grafica-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 300px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 300\/168;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1147 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Representaci\u00f3n-grafica-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\"><\/noscript><em>Representaci\u00f3n gr\u00e1fica de una recarga de H2<\/em><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Hidr\u00f3geno (H2): el elemento qu\u00edmico m\u00e1s abundante y limpio del universo<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Es un gas incoloro, inodoro y muy reactivo que se halla en todos los componentes de la materia viva. Es absolutamente limpio, ya que de su combusti\u00f3n s\u00f3lo se emite agua (si al hidr\u00f3geno le a\u00f1ado ox\u00edgeno adem\u00e1s de energ\u00eda obtengo agua).<\/p>\n<p>Su uso esta muy extendido en muchos procesos industriales:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La industria qu\u00edmica: para la s\u00edntesis de los pl\u00e1sticos.<\/li>\n<li>La industrial del vidrio: en la obtenci\u00f3n del vidrio plano.<\/li>\n<li>La industria de hidrocarburos: se emplea en los procesos de refinado.<\/li>\n<li>La industria alimentaria: hidrogenaci\u00f3n de las grasas (margarina).<\/li>\n<li>La industria qu\u00edmica: para materias primas de algunos fertilizantes (Amoniaco NH) y anticongelantes (Metanol)<\/li>\n<li>En el \u00e1mbito energ\u00e9tico:\n<ul>\n<li>En el espacio: es un carburante ligero y eficaz (1 kg de hidr\u00f3geno contiene 3 veces mas energ\u00eda que 1kg de gasolina).<\/li>\n<li>Reactor nuclear: se usa en el campo de la fisi\u00f3n nuclear (para frenas neutrones) y fusi\u00f3n nuclear (en proceso de investigaci\u00f3n).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A priori es el combustible del futuro, tan solo tenemos que solventar 3 inconvenientes, si es que lo son:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Para disociar el hidr\u00f3geno del ox\u00edgeno en el agua se consume m\u00e1s energ\u00eda que la que produce el hidr\u00f3geno al quemarse. <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Desafortunadamente, el hidr\u00f3geno puro no existe (no existen yacimientos, como en el gas natural). El hidr\u00f3geno hay que obtenerlo &#8211; o m\u00e1s bien, extraerlo \u2013 a partir de los compuestos de lo que forma parte: agua, gases, hidr\u00f3xidos, elementos org\u00e1nicos como la biomasa y por supuesto&#8230; los hidrocarburos. Y el proceso no es f\u00e1cil y viable econ\u00f3micamente cuando buscamos hacerlo <strong>en grandes cantidades y de manera sostenible (en el futuro descarbonizado al que nos dirigimos, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.agenda2030.gob.es\/es\/objetivos\/objetivo-7-energia-asequible-y-no-contaminante\">Agenda 2030<\/a>)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Su extracci\u00f3n: reformado y electr\u00f3lisis<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>En torno al 95% del hidr\u00f3geno se obtiene extray\u00e9ndolo de los hidrocarburos (metano, propano, gas natural, etc\u2026) a trav\u00e9s de un proceso denominado&nbsp;<strong><em>reformado<\/em><\/strong>. Mediante un aporte de vapor a alta temperatura y un catalizador se rompe el enlace hidr\u00f3geno-carbono de estas sustancias.<\/li>\n<li>El 5% restante se consigue de una forma mucho m\u00e1s limpia, extray\u00e9ndolo o del agua mediante&nbsp;<strong><em>electrolisis<\/em><\/strong>, en la que usa electricidad para disociar la mol\u00e9cula de agua, aislando as\u00ed el hidr\u00f3geno.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Este es el dilema de la econom\u00eda del hidr\u00f3geno, y uno de los principales caballos de batalla que los cient\u00edficos quieren abordar. Ninguno de los procesos (sostenible o no) es f\u00e1cil, o lo que es lo mismo, barato:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Los catalizadores<\/strong>. Son elementos s\u00f3lidos o l\u00edquidos que funcionan a modo de acelerador. Que permiten acelerar y facilitar el rendimiento del proceso de extracci\u00f3n del hidr\u00f3geno. Materiales escasos y caros. Es el caso del platino o del rutenio, por ejemplo, que adem\u00e1s se utilizan en la fabricaci\u00f3n de otros muchos productos, con lo que tienen mucha demanda. Por si fuera poco, con el tiempo van perdiendo efectividad, con lo que hay que remplazarlos.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gastar energ\u00eda para crear energ\u00eda. <\/strong>Tanto para el reformado como para la electrolisis es necesario el uso de energ\u00eda. En el caso del reformado en grandes cantidades. Y aqu\u00ed reside una <strong>cuesti\u00f3n fundamental: el hidr\u00f3geno puede usarse como&nbsp;energ\u00eda limpiaporque de su combusti\u00f3n s\u00f3lo se genera agua, \u00bfqu\u00e9 ocurre con la energ\u00eda que usamos para obtenerlo?<\/strong> S\u00f3lo podr\u00eda hablarse de un ciclo verdaderamente sostenible de la energ\u00eda de hidr\u00f3geno si se utiliza energ\u00edas renovables \u2013por ejemplo, fotovoltaica- para disociar el elemento de los compuestos en los que se haya incluido.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Destaca la investigaci\u00f3n del <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/felixurbain2711\/\">Dr. Felix Urbain<\/a> del IREC (Instituto Catal\u00e1n para el estudio de la energ\u00eda) que busca implementar m\u00e9todos m\u00e1s baratos para producir hidr\u00f3geno a partir del agua a gran escala. Su intenci\u00f3n es utilizar la energ\u00eda solar para ello (obtuvieron el record de eficiencia a nivel mundial gracias a sus catalizadores). <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Aprovechando la buena relaci\u00f3n que nos une, le preguntamos su opini\u00f3n al respecto <strong>(hidr\u00f3geno o bater\u00eda de litio en el transporte)<\/strong> y si bien apunto que se pod\u00eda constatar la densificaci\u00f3n de la red de estaciones, en cuanto al desarrollo de soluciones econ\u00f3micamente viables reconoci\u00f3 estar bastante mas lejos que el litio.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1133 aligncenter lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Montaje-con-panel-solar.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"785\" height=\"367\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 785px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 785\/367;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1133 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Montaje-con-panel-solar.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"785\" height=\"367\"><\/noscript><em>Montaje con panel solar para la producci\u00f3n de hidr\u00f3geno<\/em><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>El almacenaje y transporte. No se puede conservar licuado (necesitar\u00eda much\u00edsima presi\u00f3n o unas temperaturas baj\u00edsimas) y en estado gaseoso ocupa much\u00edsimo volumen. <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>El hidr\u00f3geno es dif\u00edcil de almacenar y transportar. Es tan ligero que requiere de una enorme cantidad de presi\u00f3n para comprimirlo o licuarlo de la misma forma que se opera con otros gases, como el butano. Y para que sea eficiente,&nbsp;<strong>debe estar almacenado a alta presi\u00f3n y con baja temperatura<\/strong>. Eso hace muy dif\u00edcil su manejo y uso cotidiano.<\/p>\n<p>Es necesario, adem\u00e1s, habilitar nuevas infraestructuras para la distribuci\u00f3n y el suministro de hidr\u00f3geno, igual que ocurre, por ejemplo, con el gas natural. En este punto es <strong>importante apuntar que las redes de gas natural (gaseoductos) tambi\u00e9n servir\u00edan y no nos cabe que lo har\u00e1n para suministrar hidr\u00f3geno <\/strong>(el reformado para la obtenci\u00f3n del hidr\u00f3geno se lleva acabo a partir del metano, principal componente del gas natural).<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-color: #ffffff; background-color: #ffffff;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"283\"><em>Existen empresas que venden hidrogeneradores (generadores de hidr\u00f3geno) como pueden ser los asturianos de <\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hidrogena.com\"><em>www.hidrogena.com<\/em><\/a><em> que permitan ubicar la generaci\u00f3n de hidrogeno (a peque\u00f1a escala), all\u00ed donde sea necesario. Reduciendo considerablemente su coste de producci\u00f3n. <\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"283\"><em>&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1141 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Logotipo-hidrogena-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"812\" height=\"216\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 812px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 812\/216;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1141 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Logotipo-hidrogena-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"812\" height=\"216\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 812px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 812\/216;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1141\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Logotipo-hidrogena-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"812\" height=\"216\"><\/noscript><\/noscript><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Logotipo \u201cHidrogena\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>Es un gas muy inflamable y precisa de sistemas de seguridad que incrementan su costo<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Las propiedades f\u00edsicas y qu\u00edmicas de los combustibles gaseosos como el metano, propano e hidr\u00f3geno son bastante diferentes de los combustibles l\u00edquidos m\u00e1s com\u00fanmente usados como la gasolina. <strong>El hidr\u00f3geno no es ni m\u00e1s ni menos peligroso en s\u00ed que la gasolina, el propano o el metano. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>El m\u00e1s ligero de los elementos, con una densidad mucho menor que el aire, con una mayor difusi\u00f3n que otros gases combustibles, es incoloro, inodoro e ins\u00edpido y no es t\u00f3xico. Inflamable al aire en un amplio rango de concentraciones entra en ignici\u00f3n con una cantidad de energ\u00eda muy peque\u00f1a. F\u00e1cil que detone cuanto este confinado (no al aire libre), con una velocidad de llama mayor que otros combustibles, pero con mayor temperatura de ignici\u00f3n que los combustibles comunes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>El peligro depende fuertemente de las condiciones espec\u00edficas bajo las cuales el hidr\u00f3geno es liberado y\/o confinado. Normalmente a altas presiones y bajas temperaturas.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><strong>El hidr\u00f3geno en el transporte<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h4><strong><a href=\"#_top\">Potencia limitada<\/a> <\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Como ya ocurre con los convertidores de corriente alterna a continua para recargar los veh\u00edculos el\u00e9ctricos con bater\u00edas de litio, <strong>el tama\u00f1o y el espacio disponible en el veh\u00edculo son un problema.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Los veh\u00edculos el\u00e9ctricos con bater\u00edas de litio necesitan cambiar la forma de la energ\u00eda que les suministra la red el\u00e9ctrica, de alterna a continua, para poder recargas las bater\u00edas. Cuando queremos subir en potencia para recargar mas r\u00e1pido, ese conversor se hace mas grande limitando el espacio para la bater\u00eda dentro del veh\u00edculo.&nbsp; Es por eso que se opta por ponerlo fuera, en monolitos com\u00fanmente conocidos como cargadores r\u00e1pidos. La conversi\u00f3n se hace fuera del coche.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-color: #ffffff; background-color: #ffffff;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"283\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1139 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Ilustraciones-conversor-Acdc-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"315\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 590px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 590\/315;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1139 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Ilustraciones-conversor-Acdc-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"315\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 590px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 590\/315;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1139\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Ilustraciones-conversor-Acdc-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"315\"><\/noscript><\/noscript><\/td>\n<td width=\"283\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1131 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Ilustraciones-conversor-acdc-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"626\" height=\"347\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 626px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 626\/347;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1131 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Ilustraciones-conversor-acdc-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"626\" height=\"347\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 626px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 626\/347;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1131\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Ilustraciones-conversor-acdc-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"626\" height=\"347\"><\/noscript><\/noscript><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Ilustraciones del conversor AC\/DC<\/em><\/p>\n<p>El caso del veh\u00edculo el\u00e9ctrico con pila de combustible se asemeja,<strong> el papel de la pila es generar electricidad, pero la cantidad genera no responde siempre a la demanda del coche en cada momento. Se necesita de un sistema de almacenaje que permita garantizar que se tendr\u00e1 la energ\u00eda suficiente cuando se acelera. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pensar en un grifo que tiene un caudal peque\u00f1o y constante, en el momento que queramos darnos una ducha puede que sea insuficiente. Necesitamos de un deposito de agua donde vayamos acumul\u00e1ndola ese peque\u00f1o caudal para el momento de la ducha. El deposito de agua en el mundo de la energ\u00eda es una bater\u00eda. Por lo que seg\u00fan para que potencias (Porsche menciona mas de 136CV o 100kW) necesitar\u00edamos una bater\u00eda con un tama\u00f1o dif\u00edcilmente compatible con la pila de combustible y el espacio que ofrece el veh\u00edculo.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>La pila o celda de combustible<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1129 aligncenter lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Esquema-de-un-coche-el\u00e9ctrico.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"567\" height=\"308\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 567px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 567\/308;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1129 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Esquema-de-un-coche-el\u00e9ctrico.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"567\" height=\"308\"><\/noscript>Esquema de un coche el\u00e9ctrico con pila de combustible (en rojo)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>La celda de combustible es una membrana en la que se mezclan el hidr\u00f3geno y el aire de la atm\u00f3sfera (en rojo en el gr\u00e1fico anterior). De su uni\u00f3n surge una corriente el\u00e9ctrica que sirve para mover un motor el\u00e9ctrico en el caso de los veh\u00edculos. El residuo, como ya hemos comentado, es solo agua.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>La primera celda de combustible fue construida en 1839 por Sir William Grove, un juez y cient\u00edfico gales que demostr\u00f3 que la combinaci\u00f3n de hidr\u00f3geno y ox\u00edgeno generaba electricidad adem\u00e1s de agua y calor.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Puede generar electricidad combinando hidr\u00f3geno y ox\u00edgeno electroqu\u00edmicamente sin ninguna combusti\u00f3n. <\/strong>Estas celdas no se agotan como lo har\u00eda una bater\u00eda, ni precisan recargar, ya que producir\u00edan electricidad y calor en tanto en cuanto se les provee de combustible (hidr\u00f3geno).<\/em><\/p>\n<h4><strong><a href=\"#_top\">Energ\u00e9ticamente menos eficiente<\/a> <\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><strong>Del pozo a la rueda<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1157 aligncenter lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/electrification-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"479\" height=\"315\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 479px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 479\/315;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1157 aligncenter lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/electrification-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"479\" height=\"315\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 479px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 479\/315;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1157 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/electrification-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"479\" height=\"315\"><\/noscript><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1135 aligncenter lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/P\u00e9rdidas-de-energ\u00eda-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"506\" height=\"254\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 506px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 506\/254;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1135 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/P\u00e9rdidas-de-energ\u00eda-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"506\" height=\"254\"><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Perdidas de energ\u00eda en el trayecto desde su generaci\u00f3n hasta su uso (del pozo a la rueda) Litio vs H2.&nbsp;Fuentes&nbsp;: Grupo VW y T&amp;E<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Teniendo en cuanta las gr\u00e1ficas anteriores donde se estiman las perdidas de energ\u00eda producidas desde su fuente de generaci\u00f3n hasta su empleo en el motor de un veh\u00edculo el\u00e9ctrico (es decir de 100 unidades de energ\u00eda cuantas llegan hasta la rueda partiendo de la misma fuente):<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"0\"><strong>Del pozo a la rueda (desde la generaci\u00f3n hasta su uso)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"0\"><strong>Seg\u00fan Grupo VW<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"0\"><strong>Seg\u00fan T&amp;E<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"0\"><strong>Bater\u00eda de litio<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"0\">70-90%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"0\">73%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"0\"><strong>Hidr\u00f3geno<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"0\">25-35%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"0\">22%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>En el mejor de los casos para el hidr\u00f3geno y en el peor de los casos para el litio<\/strong>. El coche el\u00e9ctrico de pila de combustible de hidr\u00f3geno, obtenido este por electrolisis, <strong>consume<\/strong> mediante este proceso<strong> 2 veces mas energ\u00eda<\/strong> que un coche el\u00e9ctrico alimentado con bater\u00edas de litio. Esa diferencia aumenta<strong> hasta casi 3 veces mas energ\u00eda, si tom\u00e1ramos los datos medios. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Esto implica que, para producir <strong>un kilo de hidr\u00f3geno, en el mejor de los casos se consumen 40 kWh de electricidad<\/strong> (sin contar la necesaria para la compresi\u00f3n). Permitiendo recorrer te\u00f3ricamente 100 km (1kgH2\/100km ITM Power). Por lo tanto, tenemos un consumo de <strong>40 kWh<\/strong>&nbsp;a los 100 km, <strong>frente a los 20kWh necesario para recorrer la misma distancia usando bater\u00edas de litio. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Si <strong>hablamos de costes por consumo<\/strong>, actualmente el hidr\u00f3geno <strong>se vende a unos 12\u20ac\/kg<\/strong> (el <strong>coste de producci\u00f3n<\/strong> del reformado ronda \u20ac1,5\/ kg y del procedente de la electr\u00f3lisis entre 3,5\u20ac-5\u20ac\/kg). El <strong>punto de inflexi\u00f3n a partir del cual repostar hidr\u00f3geno saldr\u00eda rentable<\/strong> \u2013 sin considerar el coste de adquisici\u00f3n del veh\u00edculo \u2013 <strong>se sit\u00faa alrededor de los 8\u20ac\/kg<\/strong>. Que viene a ser 8\u20ac a los 100km; 0,2\u20ac por kWh (algo m\u00e1s de la mitad del precio de las hidrogeneras en Alemania). &nbsp;En el mismo rango de precios que la gasolina\/di\u00e9sel.<\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"25%\"><strong>Combustible<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"26%\"><strong>Consumo cada 100km<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"23%\"><strong>Precio litro<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"25%\"><strong>Coste por km<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"25%\"><strong>Di\u00e9sel<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"26%\">7 l.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"23%\">1,1 \u20ac<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"25%\">0,08 \u20ac<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"25%\"><strong>Gasolina<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"26%\">9 l.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"23%\">1,3 \u20ac<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"25%\">0,14 \u20ac<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>En la tabla se muestran valores caracter\u00edsticos de precio por kil\u00f3metro usando como combustible el di\u00e9sel y gasolina. Se ha usado consumos caracter\u00edsticos del parque actual (12 a\u00f1os de antig\u00fcedad media y consumo mixto carretera-urbano). <\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Fuente: Endesa. La eficiencia energ\u00e9tica y ambiental de los modos de transporte en Espa\u00f1a. Monz\u00f3n, P\u00e9rez y Di Commo, 2009.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>En cuanto a las bater\u00edas de litio<\/strong>, aplicando la oferta de una comercializadora como Endesa energ\u00eda. Considerando un consumo homog\u00e9neo para la tarifa (una media): 0,149983\u20ac\/kWh (potencias &gt;15kW).<strong> El coste del kWh para el consumidor\/conductor a partir del hidr\u00f3geno ser\u00eda un 33% m\u00e1s caro (adem\u00e1s de necesitar el doble de kWh) llegados a los 8\u20ac\/kg y un 100% mas caro en los precios actuales, 12\u20ac\/kg.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Conclusiones<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>No creemos que exista un \u00fanico medio de electrificaci\u00f3n. Al igual que entendemos la recarga m\u00f3vil y fija complementarias tambi\u00e9n entendemos que el transporte con hidr\u00f3geno tendr\u00e1 su espacio. A favor diremos que los tiempos de espera con el hidr\u00f3geno no ser\u00edan un problema.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1146 aligncenter lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Electricity-hidrogen-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"593\" height=\"330\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 593px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 593\/330;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1146 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Electricity-hidrogen-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"593\" height=\"330\"><\/noscript><\/p>\n<h4><em><u>Costes variable<\/u><\/em><\/h4>\n<p>A menos que el precio de la gasolina y gas\u00f3leo se dispare en los pr\u00f3ximos a\u00f1os, resultar\u00e1 realmente dif\u00edcil vender el hidr\u00f3geno como el futuro de la movilidad con un coste entorno 3 veces m\u00e1s que usar un coche el\u00e9ctrico&nbsp;con bater\u00edas electroqu\u00edmicas (en el mejor de los casos).<\/p>\n<h4><em><u>Costes fijos<\/u><\/em><\/h4>\n<p>En la actualidad, un coche de pila de combustible es m\u00e1s caro que cualquier otra clase de veh\u00edculo (un&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.autofacil.es\/hyundai\/nexo\/\">Hyundai Nexo&nbsp;<\/a>cuesta casi 70.000 euros). A largo plazo, se pronostican. considerando unos costes estimados de 45 \u20ac\/kW para las pilas de combustible y 100 \u20ac\/kWh para las bater\u00edas.<\/p>\n<p><strong>El impacto depender\u00e1 de la reducci\u00f3n del coste del hidr\u00f3geno, la amortizaci\u00f3n de la red de suministro y el coste de la producci\u00f3n de electricidad<\/strong><strong>. <\/strong><strong>Pero dado el estadio de las bater\u00edas de litio y las nuevas qu\u00edmicas que est\u00e1n por venir (bater\u00edas del estado solido para el 2025 en una segunda generaci\u00f3n de veh\u00edculos el\u00e9ctricos liderados por Toyota), parece poco probable que su impacto no se circunscriba (en el \u00e1mbito de la movilidad) a determinadas flotas como los autobuses o camiones, para cuando el hidrogeno sea una realidad econ\u00f3micamente viable.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Hydrogen VS Lithium in electrification Substitutes?<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>&#8220;We are still examining it, but at the moment this technology is not suitable for Porsche. For one thing, the typical output of a battery is approximately 100 kilowatts, so if you want more power, you still need to include a large battery to provide maximum output. That means you need even more space for installation.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Secondly, the overall energy efficiency of the system is very poor because it takes a lot of electricity to split the water into hydrogen, distribute it to fuel stations and convert it back into electricity.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>These are the statements we could read last week <strong>from Porsche&#8217;s head of R&amp;D Michael Steiner.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Just as with gas, hydrogen is another energy source that we are asked about on numerous occasions when we discuss the decarbonisation of energy supply. Especially when we talk about electric vehicles and the charging times for lithium batteries.<\/p>\n<p>From here our analysis:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1147 aligncenter lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Representaci\u00f3n-grafica-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 300px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 300\/168;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1147 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Representaci\u00f3n-grafica-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\"><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Graphical representation of an H2 recharge<\/em><\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><strong>Hydrogen (H2): the most abundant and cleanest chemical element in the universe<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>It is a colorless, odorless and highly reactive gas that is found in all components of living matter. It is absolutely clean, since only water is emitted from its combustion (if I add oxygen to the hydrogen in addition to energy I obtain water).<\/p>\n<p>It is widely used in many industrial processes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The chemical industry: for the synthesis of plastics.<\/li>\n<li>The glass industry: in obtaining flat glass.<\/li>\n<li>The hydrocarbon industry: it is used in the refining processes.<\/li>\n<li>The food industry: hydrogenation of fats (margarine).<\/li>\n<li>The chemical industry: for raw materials of some fertilizers (Ammonia NH) and antifreeze (Methanol)<\/li>\n<li>In the energy field:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o In space: it is a light and efficient fuel (1 kg of hydrogen contains 3 times more energy than 1 kg of petrol).<\/p>\n<p>o Nuclear reactor: it is used in the field of nuclear fission (for neutron braking) and nuclear fusion (in the process of research).<\/p>\n<p>A priori it is the fuel of the future, we only have to solve 3 disadvantages, if they are:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> To dissociate hydrogen from oxygen in water, more energy is consumed than that produced by hydrogen when it is burned. <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Unfortunately, pure hydrogen does not exist (there are no deposits, as in natural gas). Hydrogen has to be obtained &#8211; or rather, extracted &#8211; from the compounds of which it is a part: water, gases, hydroxides, organic elements such as biomass and of course&#8230; hydrocarbons. And the process is not easy and economically viable when we seek to do so in large quantities and in a sustainable manner (in the decarbonized future we are heading for, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.agenda2030.gob.es\/es\/objetivos\/objetivo-7-energia-asequible-y-no-contaminante\">Agenda 2030)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Its extraction: reforming and electrolysis<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>About 95% of hydrogen is obtained by extracting it from hydrocarbons (methane, propane, natural gas, etc.) through a process called reforming. The hydrogen-carbon bond of these substances is broken by means of high temperature steam and a catalyst.<\/li>\n<li>The remaining 5% is achieved in a much cleaner way, by extracting it or from water by electrolysis, in which electricity is used to dissociate the water molecule, thus isolating the hydrogen.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This is the dilemma of the hydrogen economy, and one of the main battle horses that scientists want to address. None of the processes (sustainable or not) is easy, or in other words, cheap:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The catalysts. They are solid or liquid elements that work as an accelerator. They accelerate and facilitate the performance of the hydrogen extraction process. Scarce and expensive materials. This is the case of platinum or ruthenium, for example, which are also used in the manufacture of many other products, so they are in great demand. In addition, over time they become less effective and must be replaced.<\/li>\n<li>Spending energy to create energy. Both reforming and electrolysis require the use of energy. In the case of reforming in large quantities. And here lies a fundamental question: hydrogen can be used as clean energy because only water is generated from its combustion, what happens to the energy we use to obtain it? A truly sustainable hydrogen energy cycle can only be achieved by using renewable energies &#8211; for example, photovoltaics &#8211; to decouple the element from the compounds in which it is included.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>The research of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/felixurbain2711\/\">Dr. Felix Urbain<\/a> of IREC (Catalan Institute for the Study of Energy) is noteworthy, as it seeks to implement cheaper methods to produce hydrogen from water on a large scale. His intention is to use solar energy for this purpose (they obtained the world record of efficiency thanks to their catalysts). <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Taking advantage of the good relationship that unites us, we asked him his opinion on the matter (hydrogen or lithium battery in transport) and although he pointed out that the densification of the station network could be seen, in terms of the development of economically viable solutions he admitted to be much further away than lithium.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1133 aligncenter lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Montaje-con-panel-solar.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"554\" height=\"259\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 554px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 554\/259;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1133 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Montaje-con-panel-solar.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"554\" height=\"259\"><\/noscript><em>Solar panel mounting for hydrogen production<\/em><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>Storage and transport. It cannot be stored in a liquid state (it would need a lot of pressure or very low temperatures) and in a gaseous state it takes up a lot of volume. <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Hydrogen is difficult to store and transport. It is so light that it requires an enormous amount of pressure to compress or liquefy it in the same way as other gases, such as butane. And to be efficient, it must be stored at high pressure and low temperature. That makes it very difficult to handle and use on a daily basis.<\/p>\n<p>It is also necessary to set up new infrastructure for the distribution and supply of hydrogen, as is the case with natural gas, for example. At this point it is important to point out that natural gas networks (pipelines) would also serve and we do not think that they will serve to supply hydrogen (the reforming to obtain hydrogen is carried out from methane, the main component of natural gas).<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-color: #ffffff; background-color: #ffffff;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"283\">There are companies that sell hydrogenerators (hydrogen generators), such as the Asturian company www.hidrogena.com, that allow hydrogen generation (on a small scale) to be located wherever it is needed. Reducing their production cost considerably.<\/td>\n<td width=\"283\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1141 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Logotipo-hidrogena-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"812\" height=\"216\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 812px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 812\/216;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1141 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Logotipo-hidrogena-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"812\" height=\"216\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 812px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 812\/216;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1141\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Logotipo-hidrogena-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"812\" height=\"216\"><\/noscript><\/noscript><em>Logo &#8220;Hydrogena&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>&nbsp;<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> It is a highly flammable gas and requires safety systems that increase its cost<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The physical and chemical properties of gaseous fuels such as methane, propane and hydrogen are quite different from the more commonly used liquid fuels such as gasoline. Hydrogen itself is neither more nor less hazardous than gasoline, propane or methane.<\/p>\n<p>The lighter of the elements, with a much lower density than air, with a higher diffusion than other combustible gases, it is colourless, odourless and tasteless and is not toxic. Flammable to air in a wide range of concentrations, it ignites with a very small amount of energy. Easily detonates when confined (not outdoors), with a higher flame rate than other fuels, but with a higher ignition temperature than common fuels.<\/p>\n<p>The danger depends strongly on the specific conditions under which the hydrogen is released and\/or confined. Usually at high pressure and low temperature.<\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><strong>Hydrogen in transport<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h4><a href=\"#top\"><strong>Limited power <\/strong><\/a><\/h4>\n<p>As is already the case with AC-DC converters for recharging electric vehicles with lithium batteries, the size and space available in the vehicle is an issue.<\/p>\n<p>Lithium battery electric vehicles need to change the form of the energy supplied to them by the electric grid, from alternating to direct, in order to recharge the batteries. When we want to increase the power to recharge faster, that converter gets bigger limiting the space for the battery inside the vehicle.&nbsp; That&#8217;s why we choose to put it outside, in monoliths commonly known as fast chargers. The conversion is done outside the car.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-color: #ffffff; background-color: #ffffff;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"283\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1139 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Ilustraciones-conversor-Acdc-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"315\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 590px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 590\/315;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1139 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Ilustraciones-conversor-Acdc-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"315\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 590px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 590\/315;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1139\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Ilustraciones-conversor-Acdc-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"315\"><\/noscript><\/noscript><\/td>\n<td width=\"283\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1131 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Ilustraciones-conversor-acdc-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"626\" height=\"347\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 626px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 626\/347;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1131 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Ilustraciones-conversor-acdc-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"626\" height=\"347\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 626px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 626\/347;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1131\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Ilustraciones-conversor-acdc-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"626\" height=\"347\"><\/noscript><\/noscript><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Illustrations of the AC\/DC converter<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The case of the fuel cell electric vehicle is similar, the role of the battery is to generate electricity, but the amount generated does not always respond to the demand of the car at all times. A storage system is needed to guarantee that there will be enough energy when accelerating.<\/p>\n<p><em>Think of a tap that has a small and constant flow, at the time we want to take a shower may be insufficient. We need a water deposit where we can accumulate this small flow for the moment of the shower. The water tank in the world of energy is a battery. So according to that power (Porsche mentions more than 136CV or 100kW) would need a battery with a size hardly compatible with the fuel cell and the space offered by the vehicle.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>The battery or fuel cell<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1129 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Esquema-de-un-coche-el\u00e9ctrico.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"822\" height=\"463\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 822px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 822\/463;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1129\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Esquema-de-un-coche-el\u00e9ctrico.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"822\" height=\"463\"><\/noscript><em>Schematic of a fuel cell electric car (in red)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The fuel cell is a membrane on which hydrogen and air in the atmosphere are mixed (in red in the graph above). From its union, an electric current emerges that serves to move an electric motor in the case of vehicles. The residue, as we have already mentioned, is only water.<\/p>\n<p>The first fuel cell was built in 1839 by Sir William Grove, a Welsh judge and scientist who proved that the combination of hydrogen and oxygen generated electricity as well as water and heat.<\/p>\n<p>It can generate electricity by combining hydrogen and oxygen electrochemically without any combustion. These cells do not run out as a battery would, nor do they need to be recharged, as they would produce electricity and heat as long as they are supplied with fuel (hydrogen).<\/p>\n<h4><strong><a href=\"#top\">Less energy efficient<\/a><\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><strong>From the well to the Wheel<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1157 aligncenter lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/electrification-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"479\" height=\"315\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 479px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 479\/315;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1157 aligncenter lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/electrification-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"479\" height=\"315\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 479px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 479\/315;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1157 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/electrification-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"479\" height=\"315\"><\/noscript><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1135 aligncenter lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/P\u00e9rdidas-de-energ\u00eda-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"502\" height=\"251\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 502px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 502\/251;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1135 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/P\u00e9rdidas-de-energ\u00eda-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"502\" height=\"251\"><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Energy losses on the way from its generation to its use (from the well to the wheel) Lithium vs H2.&nbsp;Sources : VW Group and T&amp;E<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Taking into account the previous graphs where the losses of energy produced from its source of generation to its use in the motor of an electric vehicle are estimated (that is to say of 100 units of energy how many arrive to the wheel starting from the same source):<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-color: #ffffff; background-color: #ffffff;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"0\"><strong>From well to wheel (from generation to use)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"0\"><strong>According to VW Group<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"0\"><strong>According to T&amp;E<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"0\"><strong>Lithium battery<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"0\">70-90%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"0\">73%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"0\"><strong>Hydrogen<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"0\">25-35%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"0\">22%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>At best for hydrogen and at worst for lithium. The hydrogen fuel cell electric car, obtained by electrolysis, consumes by this process 2 times more energy than an electric car powered by lithium batteries. That difference increases to almost 3 times more energy, if we take the average data.<\/p>\n<p>This implies that, to produce one kilo of hydrogen, at best 40 kWh of electricity are consumed (not counting the necessary for compression). Allowing to travel theoretically 100 km (1kgH2\/100km ITM Power). Therefore, we have a consumption of 40 kWh at 100 km, compared to 20kWh needed to travel the same distance&nbsp; using lithium batteries.<\/p>\n<p>If we talk about costs per consumption, currently hydrogen is sold at about 12 euros per kg (the production cost of reforming is about 1.5 euros\/kg and that of electrolysis between 3.5 and 5 euros\/kg). The turning point from which refuelling hydrogen would be profitable &#8211; without considering the cost of purchasing the vehicle &#8211; is around EUR 8\/kg. That comes to EUR 8 per 100km; EUR 0.2 per kWh (just over half the price of hydrogen generators in Germany).&nbsp; In the same price range as petrol\/diesel.<\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"25%\"><strong>Fuel<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"26%\"><strong>Consumption per 100km<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"23%\"><strong>Price per litre<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"25%\"><strong>Cost per km<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"25%\"><strong>Diesel<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"26%\">7 l.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"23%\">1,1 \u20ac<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"25%\">0,08 \u20ac<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"25%\"><strong>Gasoline<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"26%\">9 l.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"23%\">1,3 \u20ac<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"25%\">0,14 \u20ac<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>The table shows characteristic values of price per kilometer using diesel and gasoline as fuel. The characteristic consumption of the current park (12 years of average age and mixed road-urban consumption) has been used. Source: Endesa. Energy and environmental efficiency of transport modes in Spain. Monz\u00f3n, P\u00e9rez and Di Commo, 2009.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>With regard to lithium batteries, applying the offer of a marketing company such as Endesa Energ\u00eda. Considering a homogeneous consumption for the tariff (an average): 0.149983 euros\/kWh (powers &gt;15kW). The energy cost of kWh from hydrogen would be 33% more expensive (in addition to needing twice as much kWh) reaching 8 euros\/kg and 100% more expensive at current prices, 12 euros\/kg.<\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><strong>Conclusions<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>We do not believe that there is a single means of electrification. Just as we understand complementary mobile and fixed recharging, we also understand that transport with hydrogen will have its space. In favour we would say that waiting times with hydrogen would not be a problem.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1146 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Electricity-hidrogen-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"593\" height=\"330\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 593px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 593\/330;\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1146\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fullandfast.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Electricity-hidrogen-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"593\" height=\"330\"><\/noscript><\/p>\n<h4><em><u>Variable costs<\/u><\/em><\/h4>\n<p>Unless the price of petrol and diesel shoots up in the next few years, it will be really difficult to sell hydrogen as the future of mobility at around 3 times the cost of using an electric car with electrochemical batteries (at best).<\/p>\n<h4><em><u>Fixed costs<\/u><\/em><\/h4>\n<p>Today, a fuel cell car is more expensive than any other kind of vehicle (a Hyundai Nexo costs almost 70,000 euros). In the long term, they are predicted. considering estimated costs of 45 euros\/kW for fuel cells and 100 euros\/kWh for batteries.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The impact will depend on the reduction of the cost of hydrogen, the amortization of the grid and the cost of electricity production. But given the stage of lithium batteries and the new chemicals that are coming (solid state batteries by 2025 in a second generation of electric vehicles led by Toyota), it seems unlikely that their impact will not be limited (in the area of mobility) to certain fleets such as buses or trucks, by the time hydrogen becomes an economically viable reality.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><em>Sources: Volkswagen, Porsche, T&amp;E, Toyota, Endesa, AEDIVE, Cambio Energetico, National Geographic, Comision Europea, IDAE, INE.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cContinuamos examin\u00e1ndolo, pero por el momento esta tecnolog\u00eda no es adecuada para Porsche. Por un lado, la salida t\u00edpica de una pila es de aproximadamente 100 kilovatios, por lo que, si desea m\u00e1s potencia, a\u00fan necesita incluir una bater\u00eda grande para proporcionar una salida m\u00e1xima. Eso significa que necesita a\u00fan m\u00e1s espacio para su instalaci\u00f3n. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1654,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[87],"tags":[22],"class_list":["post-1127","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-movilidad-electrica","tag-coche-electrico"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v20.10 (Yoast SEO v26.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u203b Diferencia entre Hidr\u00f3geno y Litio en la electrificaci\u00f3n<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Te contamos la diferencia que existe entre el Hidr\u00f3geno y el Litio en la electrificaci\u00f3n \u271a caracter\u00edsticas. \u00a1No te lo pierdas! \u261d\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fullandfast.com\/blog\/hidrogeno-vs-litio-en-la-electrificacion-sustitutivos\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hidr\u00f3geno VS Litio en la electrificaci\u00f3n \u00bfSustitutivos?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Te contamos la diferencia que existe entre el Hidr\u00f3geno y el Litio en la electrificaci\u00f3n \u271a caracter\u00edsticas. \u00a1No te lo pierdas! 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